![]() Most renal calculi contain calcium, usually in the form of calcium oxalate (CaC 2O 4) and often mixed with calcium phosphate (CaPO 4) 1,6. Crohn disease) resulting in fats binding calcium Low gut absorption of calcium, leading to increased absorption of oxalate Hypercalciuria: most common metabolic abnormality ![]() Urease hydrolyses urea to ammonium thus increasing urinary pH The more common composition of stones include (more detail below):Ĭalcium oxalate +/- calcium phosphate: ~75%Ĭertain risk factors have been identified including 8:Įspecially with urease producing bacteria (see below) The composition of urinary tract stones varies widely depending upon metabolic alterations, geography, and presence of infection, and their size varies from gravel to staghorn calculi. Some patients may also present with the complication of obstructive pyelonephritis, and may, therefore, have a septic clinical presentation. Haematuria, although common, may be absent in approximately 15% of patients 1. Small stones that arise in the kidney are more likely to pass into the ureter where they may result in renal colic. Clinical presentationĪlthough some renal stones remain asymptomatic, most will result in pain. struvite stones are more frequently encountered in women, like urinary tract infection as more common) 8. By far the most common stone is calcium oxalate, however, the exact distribution of stones depends on the population and associated metabolic abnormalities (e.g. The lifetime incidence of renal stones is high, seen in as many as 5% of women and 12% of males. Most patients tend to present between 30-60 years of age 1.
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